Address of Corresponding Author

Med Princ Pract 2006;15:91-97 (DOI: 10.1159/000090910)

  Key Words

• Lateral cephalograms
• Cephalometric norms
• Kuwaitis, adolescent
• Treatment planning

  Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish lateral cephalometric hard tissue norms for adolescent Kuwaitis and to compare them with published norms. Subjects and Methods: Digital lateral cephalograms were made of 162 Kuwaitis (82 boys and 80 girls of mean age 13.27 ± 0.42 years and 13.21 ± 0.43 years, respectively), with almost ideal occlusion. Anatomic landmarks were identified directly on the digital images. Linear and angular measurements were calculated electronically using the Dolphin version 9 software package. Results: The average subject in the sample had a steeper mandibular plane, a more convex profile with a tendency for reduced chin protrusion, and a more protrusive dentition than the norms of the common analysis systems. In addition, the ranges of the skeletal and dentoalveolar parameters were larger than those reported in the above-mentioned norms. Gender differences were limited to maxillary and mandibular length and lower anterior facial height. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that Kuwaiti norms for incisor inclination and protrusion should be used as a reference when making the extraction decision in Kuwaiti orthodontic patients, and that the variation in skeletal relationships among subjects with satisfactory occlusal compensations is larger than previously documented, suggesting a need for establishing different norms for different skeletal patterns.

Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

  References

1.

Björk A, Skieller V: Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible: a synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years. Eur J Orthod 1983;5:1-46.

2.

Bishara SE, Peterson LC, Bishara EL: Changes in facial dimensions and relationship between the age of 5 and 25 years. Am J Orthod 1984;85:238-252.

3.

Fidler BC, Årtun J, Joondeph DR, Little RM: Long-term stability of Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusions with successful occlusal results at end of active treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;107:276-285.

4.

Guyer EC, Ellis EE III, McNamara JA Jr, Behrens RG: Components of Class III malocclusion in juveniles and adolescents. Angle Orthod 1986;56:7-30.

5.

Nanda SK: Patterns of vertical growth of the face. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1988;93:103-116.

6.

Downs WB: Variations in facial relations: their significance in treatment and prognosis. Am J Orthod 1948;34:812-840.

7.

Riedel RA: The relation of maxillary structures to cranium in malocclusion and in normal occlusion. Angle Orthod 1952;22:142-145.

8.

Tweed CH: The Frankfort-mandibular incisor angle (FMIA) in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis. Angle Orthod 1954;24:121-169.

9.

Holdaway RA: The relationship of the bony chin and the lower incisor to the line NB. Postgraduate course. University of California, 1955.

10.

Steiner CC: Cephalometrics in clinical practice. Angle Orthod 1959;29:8-29.

11.

Ricketts RM: Foundation for cephalometric communication. Am J Orthod 1960;46:330-357.

12.

Jacobson A: The 'Wits' appraisal of jaw disharmony. Am J Orthod 1975;67:125-138.

13.

McNamara JA Jr: A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod 1984;86:449-469.

14.

Bell WH, Proffit WR, White RP: Surgical Correction of Dentofacial Deformities. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1980, vol 1, pp 137-150.

15.

Björk A: The relationship of the jaws to the cranium; in Lundström A (ed): Introduction to Orthodontics. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960, pp 104-140.

16.

Cotton WN, Takano WS, Wong WMW: The Downs analysis applied to three other ethnic groups. Angle Orthod 1951;21:213-220.

17.

Miura F, Inoue N, Suzuki K: Cephalometric standards for Japanese according to the Steiner analysis. Am J Orthod 1965;51:288-295.

18.

Nanda R, Nanda RS: Cephalometric study of the dentofacial complex of North Indians. Am J Orthod 1969;39:22-28.

19.

Garcia CJ: Cephalometric evaluation of Mexican Americans using the Downs and Steiner analyses. Am J Orthod 1975;68:67-74.

20.

Iwasawa T, Moro T, Nakamura K: Tweed triangle and soft-tissue consideration of Japanese with normal occlusion and good facial profile. Am J Orthod 1977;72:119-127.

21.

Hijighamidi M, Dougherty H, Garanki F: Cephalometric evaluation of Iranian children and its comparison with Tweed's and Steiner's standards. Am J Orthod 1981;79:192-197.

22.

Cerci V, Soares Martins JE, de Oliveira Almeida MA: Cephalometric standards for white Brazilians. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1993;8:287-292.

23.

Lew KKK: Cephalometric ideals in Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnic groups. Asian J Aesthet Dent 1994;2:35-38.

24.

Hamdan AM, Rock WP: Cephalometric norms in an Arab population. J Orthod 2001;28:297-300.

25.

Davoody PR, Sassouni V: Dentofacial pattern differences between Iranians and American Caucasians. Am J Orthod 1978;73:667-675.

26.

Shalhoub SY, Sarhan OA, Shaikh HS: Adult cephalometric norms for Saudi Arabians with a comparison of values for Saudi and North American Caucasians. Br J Orthod 1987;14:273-279.

27.

Kapila S: Selected cephalometric angular norms in Kikuyu children. Angle Orthod 1989;59:139-144.

28.

Bishara SE, Abdalla EM, Hoppens BJ: Cephalometric comparisons of dentofacial parameters between Egyptian and North American adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1990;97:413-421.

29.

Miyajima K, McNamara JA Jr, Kimura T, Murata S, Iizuka T: Craniofacial structure of Japanese and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;110:431-438.

30.

Wen-Jeng H, Taylor RW, Dasanayake AP: Determining cephalometric norms for Caucasians and African Americans in Birmingham. Angle Orthod 1998;68:503-512.

31.

Alcade RE, Jinno T, Pogrel MA, Matsumura T: Cephalometric norms in Japanese adults. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;56:129-134.

32.

Ismael JS: Kuwait: Social Change in Historical Perspective, ed 1. New York, Syracuse University Press, 1982.

33.

Royal Scottish Museum: The Evolving Culture of Kuwait. Edinburgh, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1985.

34.

Loufty MS: Cephalometric evaluation of deep overbite and anterior open bite in Kuwait school children. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1973:281-285.

35.

Dahlberg G: Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. London, George Allen & Unwin, 1940, pp 122-132.

36.

Woodward M: Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis, ed 2. New York, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2004, p 437.

37.

Cochran WG: Sampling Techniques, ed 3. New York, Wiley, 1977.

  Author Contacts

Dr. Jon Årtun
Department of Developmental and Preventive Sciences
Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University
PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat (Kuwait)
Tel. +965 498 6690, ext. 7100, Fax +965 532 6049, E-Mail artun@hsc.edu.kw

  Article Information

Received: April 16, 2005
Accepted: July 2, 2005
Number of Print Pages : 7
Number of Figures : 1, Number of Tables : 2, Number of References : 37

  Publication Details

Medical Principles and Practice (International Journal of the Kuwait University Health Sciences Centre)

Vol. 15, No. 2, Year 2006 (Cover Date: February 2006)

Journal Editor: Al-Zaid, N.S. (Kuwait)
ISSN: 1011-7571 (print), 1423-0151 (Online)

For additional information: http://www.karger.com/MPP

  Drug Dosage / Copyright

Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in goverment regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or, in the case of photocopying, direct payment of a specified fee to the Copyright Clearance Center.