Original Paper

Transfection with pax6 Gene of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Subsequent Cell Cloning Induced Retinal Neuron Progenitors, Including Retinal Ganglion Cell-Like Cells, in vitro
Maki Kayama^{a, b}, Manae S. Kurokawa^b, Yuji Ueda^b, Hiroki Ueno^a, Yuta Kumagai^a, Shummei Chiba^b, Erika Takada^b, Satoki Ueno^a, Mamoru Tadokoro^c, Noboru Suzuki^{b, d}

Departments of
^aOphthalmology,
^bImmunology and Medicine, and
^cPathology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine,
^dDepartment of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Advanced Medical Science, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan

Address of Corresponding Author

Ophthalmic Res 2010;43:79-91 (DOI: 10.1159/000247592)

  Key Words

• Embryonic stem cell
• Neuron
• Differentiation
• Transcription factor
• Calcium flux

  Abstract

Objective: It is theoretically possible to induce various cell types, including retinal neurons, from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). pax6 regulates early events in eye development, including the generation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We previously reported the successful induction of corneal epithelial cells from ESCs transfected with the pax6 gene. Here, we attempted to establish cloned RGC-like cells from ESCs transfected with the pax6 gene. Methods: Undifferentiated mouse ESCs were transfected with pax6 cDNA by electroporation, followed by selection with G418. We conducted limiting-dilution culture of pax6-transfected cells. We expanded the cloned pax6-transfected cells, which expressed nestin and musashi-1, for further characterization in culture media containing fibronectin. The cells were characterized using RT-PCR, immunostaining, electron microscopy, renal subcapsular transplantation assay and Ca imaging. Results: We obtained clonally expanding pax6-transfected cells, all of which were positive for six3, sonic hedgehog (shh), math5, brn3, thy1 and melanopsin, by using several ESCs. When transplanted into a mouse renal capsule, they differentiated into neurons with elongated axons, expressing βIII tubulin and neurofilament middle chain, and were free from teratoma development. Electron-microscopic examination showed neurotubules and neurofilaments in the axon-like processes of the cloned pax6-transfected cells. High KCl stimulation increased free Ca influx on Ca²⁺ imaging. Conclusions: ESCs were applicable for the induction of retinal progenitor cells, including RGC-like cells, by transfection with the pax6 gene and subsequent limiting-dilution culture. Cloned cell lines may be useful to analyze the requirements for retinal progenitor cell differentiation, and our study suggests the clinical application of this cell type.

Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel

  Author Contacts

Dr. Noboru Suzuki, Departments of Immunology and Medicine
St. Marianna University School of Medicine
2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511 (Japan)
Tel. +81 44 977 8111, ext. 3545, Fax +81 44 975 3315
E-Mail n3suzuki@marianna-u.ac.jp

  Article Information

Received: May 20, 2008
Accepted after revision: October 10, 2008
Published online: October 15, 2009
Number of Print Pages : 13
Number of Figures : 5, Number of Tables : 1, Number of References : 59